Simple Present, Present Progressive, Simple Past, Past Progressive & Present Perfect

I. Penjelasan singkat simple present, present progressive, simple past, past progressive, present perfect. Mari kita lihat penjelasan singkat berikut : 

 

1. Simple present adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja untuk menyatakan fakta, kejadian, atau kebiasaan yang terjadi pada saat ini.

2. Present progressive tense mempunyai fungsi utama untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung saat pembicara berbicara. 

3. Simple past tense adalah tense yang berfungsi untuk menunjukan pekerjaan yang terjadi pada masa lampau tanpa ingin menekankan bahwa pekerjaan tersebut telah (perfect) atau sedang (continuous) dikerjakan, fungsinya adalah untuk menunjukan pekerjaan yang terjadi pada masa lalu tanpa ingin menekankan pekerjaan tersebut sedang terjadi atau telah terjadi.

4. Past progressive tense, dapat digunakan untuk berbicara tentang kejadian yang belum selesai (in progress) di masa lalu kemudian diikuti oleh kemunculan kejadian lainnya pada waktu bersamaan, dapat digunakan untuk berbicara tentang dua kejadian yang berlangsung pada waktu bersamaan di masa lalu, dapat juga digunakan untuk berbicara tentang kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu tertentu (Specified time) di masa lalu.

5. Present perfect tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu aksi atau situasi yang telah dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlanjut sampai sekarang atau telah selesai pada suatu titik waktu tertentu di masa lalu namun efeknya masih berlanjut.

 

Penjelasan diatas merupakan pengertian singkat tentang simple present, present progressive, simple past, past progressive, present perfect. Penulisan berikutnya akan mengambil tema perbedaan simple past & past progressive, simple past & present perfect.

 

II. Perbedaan simple past & past progressive, simple past & present perfect. Mari kita lihat perbedaanya

1. Simple past vs past progressive

Menurut sumber klik disinithe simple past talks about something that happened before. It happened and it finished. Some words are regular and just have -ed added at the end like walked, helped, and played. Others are irregular and have many variations like ate, began, and slept.

 The past progressive talks about something that was happening before, but for a period of time. It uses was or were + verb-ing like was eating or were playing. It gives a background for something that was happening while a different event happened.
Example: While I was eating, the telephone rang. 

2. Simple past vs present perfect 

Menurut sumber klik disini Simple past tense adalah suatu tense yang menunjukkan suatu pekerjaan yang terjadi pada masa lampau tanpa ingin menunjukkan apakah pekerjaan tersebut telah atau sedang dikerjakan.

Present perfect tense adalah suatu tense yang menunjukkan suatu pekerjaan yang telah dikerjakan pada waktu yang belum lama atau jika sudah lama maka ingin menunjukkan bahwa pelaku “pernah” melakukannya.Perbedaanya :

1. Waktu.
   Keterangan waktu yang digunakan Simple past tense adalah masa lampau yang lebih spesifik, seperti: last week, yesterday, at 9 pm last night dan lain sebagainya. Artinya masa pada suatu periode (hari, minggu, bulan dan lain-lain) sudah berakhir.
   Contoh:
   I went to Bali last last year (Aku pergi ke Bali tahun lalu). Waktu yang digunakan adalah tahun lalu (misal tahun 2013)  yang tentunya sudah berakhir karena sekarang sudah tahun 2014.
   Sementara Perfect perfect tense tidak bisa menggunakan keterangan waktu lampau karena bentuknya present namun masih memungkinkan untuk menggunakan masa yang telah lewat tapi masih dalam periode yang sama. Misalnya minggu ini, hari ini dan lain-lain.
   Contoh:
   I have sent the email this week (Aku sudah mengirim email minggu ini).
2. Modus Akitifitas.
   Simple past tense hanya digunakan untuk suatu aktifitas yang terjadi pada masa lampau dengan waktu yang spesifik tanpa ingin menunjukkan bahwa pekerjaannya pada waktu itu sedang atau telah dikerjakan.
   Contoh:
   I called you at 7 a.m yesterday, but you did not pick the phone up (Aku menelponmu pada pukul 7 kemarin pagi tapi kamu tidak mengangkatnya).
   Sementara Present perfect tense selain bisa digunakan untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang baru saja selesai, ia juga bisa digunakan untuk menunjukkan aktifitas pada masa lalu dengan maksud ingin menunjukkan bahwa pelaku pernah melakukan pekerjaan tersebut pada waktu yang tidak spesifik.
   Contoh:
   I have ever gone to Bali with my family (Aku sudah pernah pergi ke Bali).
   Have we met in this place before? (Apakah kita pernah bertemu di sini sebelumnya?)
3. Akibat yang ditimbulkan.
   Present perfect tense untuk menunjukkan bahwa aktifitasnya baru saja dikerjakan, sehingga akibat yang ditimbulkan masih bisa dirasakan.
   Contoh: Be careful with that door, I have just painted it (hati-hati dengan pintunya, aku baru saja mengecetnya). Artinya karena baru saja dampak dari pengecetan yang baru saja dilakukan, catnya masih basah.
   Sementara simple past tense dampaknya sudah tidak terlalu dirasakan karena sudah lampau.
   Contoh: I played football yesterday (aku kemarin bermain bola). Artinya karena sudah kemarin, maka aku sudah tidak begitu merasakan capeknya bermain bola.

 

Noun, Pronoun, Verb

A.    Nouns

There are various types of nouns. Some nouns may fall under more than one type. This unit takes up the following types of nouns:

1.      Countable Nouns

2.      Uncountable Nouns

1.      Countable Nouns

Countable nouns can take the singular or plural form.

Singular	Plural
A cat	Cats
A man	Men
A tooth	Teeth
An egg	Eggs
An elephant	Elephants
An axe	Axes

Examples:

There is a man outside the building

There are two men outside the building

An elephant has a trunk

Elephants have trunks

a.      Singular Nouns

When a noun refers to one person or thing, it is singular.

Examples : Ineed to buy a book.

STRATEGIES

1.      Do NOT end singular nouns with –s/-es

2.      Use singular nouns after the words below.
a/an, one, this, that, a single, another, each, every

3.      Singular countable nouns usually need articles. Use the with singular countable nouns when referring to things in general or to specific things; use a/an with singular countable nouns when referring to general or nonspesific things.

b.      Plural Nouns

When a noun refers to more than one person or thing, it is plural. The plural form of most nouns is made by adding –s/es to the singular form; however, there are some exceptions.

Examples: Five lectures from this university will attend the international conference in San Francisco next week.

STRATEGIES

1.      Do NOT use a/an with plural nouns

2.      Use plural after the words below:
all, some, some (of the), a few (of), many (of), a lot of, lots of, various, these, those, every one of, each one of, each of, one of, one of, both, other, dozens of, hundreds of, thousands of, a number of, the number of, a couple of, several (of the)

3.      When words such as hundred, thousand, or million follow a number, do NOT put them in plural form

4.      Be careful of irregular plural  nouns

2.      Uncountable Nouns

Uncountablenouns are nouns that have only one form and take a singular verb.

STRATEGIES

1.      Do NOT us uncountable nouns after the words/ phrases below
a/an, another, one, a sigle, each, every, these, thpse, a few (of), many (of), every one of, each one of, each (of), one of, both, dozens of, hundreds of, thousands of, a number of, the number of, a couple of, saveral (of the).

2.      Use uncountable nouns with the words below
much, little, a little, an amount of, all, some, a lot of, lots of, plenty of

3.      Do NOT put uncountable nouns into plural form

Verb forms may be classified as follows:

Base form: strat, think, draw, write, run, let.

Infinitive: to strat, to think, to draw, to write, to draw, to write, to run, to let.

Gerund: strating, thinking, drawing, writing, running, letting

Past participle: started, thougt, drawn, written, run, let

Simple past form: started, thought, drew, wrote, ran, let

Example:

The policie artist will draw the criminal’s face.

He set aside his salary to start his own business.

Strategies:

1.      Use the base form after modals such as will, can, or may.

2.      Use the infinitive form to show purpose.

3.      Use the infinitive form after adjectives.

4.      Use the gerund form after prepositions

5.      Use the past participle after the forms of be ( be, being, am, is, are, was, were, been) to express passive meaning, and after the forms of have (have, has, had) to express active meaning.

6.      The simple past form is used with particular time makers.

Relative pronouns and adverb

Generally (but not always) pronouns stand for (pro + noun) or refer to a noun, an individual or individuals or thing or things (the pronoun's antecedent) whose identity is made clear earlier in the text. For instance, we are bewildered by writers who claim something like

• They say that eating beef is bad for you.

They is a pronoun referring to someone, but who are they? Cows? whom do they represent? Sloppy use of pronouns is unfair.

Not all pronouns will refer to an antecedent, however.

• Everyone here earns over a thousand dollars a day.

The word "everyone" has no antecedent.

The problem of agreement between a pronoun and its antecedent and between a pronoun and its verb is treated in another section on Pronoun-Antecedent Consistency. The quizzes on pronoun usage are also listed at the end of that section.

Relative pronouns are all used in adjective/ relative clauses.

·         Who or that is used as a subject referring to a person.

·         Whom is used as an object referring to a person.

·         Which or that is used as a subject or an object referring to a thing.

·         Whose is used to replace a possesive adjective.

 

Relative pronouns and adverb

Generally (but not always) pronouns stand for (pro + noun) or refer to a noun, an individual or individuals or thing or things (the pronoun's antecedent) whose identity is made clear earlier in the text. For instance, we are bewildered by writers who claim something like

• They say that eating beef is bad for you.

They is a pronoun referring to someone, but who are they? Cows? whom do they represent? Sloppy use of pronouns is unfair.

Not all pronouns will refer to an antecedent, however.

• Everyone here earns over a thousand dollars a day.

The word "everyone" has no antecedent.

The problem of agreement between a pronoun and its antecedent and between a pronoun and its verb is treated in another section on Pronoun-Antecedent Consistency. The quizzes on pronoun usage are also listed at the end of that section.

Relative pronouns are all used in adjective/ relative clauses.

·         Who or that is used as a subject referring to a person.

·         Whom is used as an object referring to a person.

·         Which or that is used as a subject or an object referring to a thing.

·         Whose is used to replace a possesive adjective.

 

Verb forms may be classified as follows:

Base form: strat, think, draw, write, run, let.

Infinitive: to strat, to think, to draw, to write, to draw, to write, to run, to let.

Gerund: strating, thinking, drawing, writing, running, letting

Past participle: started, thougt, drawn, written, run, let

Simple past form: started, thought, drew, wrote, ran, let

Example:

The policie artist will draw the criminal’s face.

He set aside his salary to start his own business.

Strategies:

1.      Use the base form after modals such as will, can, or may.

2.      Use the infinitive form to show purpose.

3.      Use the infinitive form after adjectives.

4.      Use the gerund form after prepositions

5.      Use the past participle after the forms of be ( be, being, am, is, are, was, were, been) to express passive meaning, and after the forms of have (have, has, had) to express active meaning.

6.      The simple past form is used with particular time makers.

 

 

Noun, Pronoun, Verb

A.    Nouns

There are various types of nouns. Some nouns may fall under more than one type. This unit takes up the following types of nouns:

1.      Countable Nouns

2.      Uncountable Nouns

1.      Countable Nouns

Countable nouns can take the singular or plural form.

Singular	Plural
A cat	Cats
A man	Men
A tooth	Teeth
An egg	Eggs
An elephant	Elephants
An axe	Axes

Examples:

There is a man outside the building

There are two men outside the building

An elephant has a trunk

Elephants have trunks

a.      Singular Nouns

When a noun refers to one person or thing, it is singular.

Examples : Ineed to buy a book.

STRATEGIES

1.      Do NOT end singular nouns with –s/-es

2.      Use singular nouns after the words below.
a/an, one, this, that, a single, another, each, every

3.      Singular countable nouns usually need articles. Use the with singular countable nouns when referring to things in general or to specific things; use a/an with singular countable nouns when referring to general or nonspesific things.

b.      Plural Nouns

When a noun refers to more than one person or thing, it is plural. The plural form of most nouns is made by adding –s/es to the singular form; however, there are some exceptions.

Examples: Five lectures from this university will attend the international conference in San Francisco next week.

STRATEGIES

1.      Do NOT use a/an with plural nouns

2.      Use plural after the words below:
all, some, some (of the), a few (of), many (of), a lot of, lots of, various, these, those, every one of, each one of, each of, one of, one of, both, other, dozens of, hundreds of, thousands of, a number of, the number of, a couple of, several (of the)

3.      When words such as hundred, thousand, or million follow a number, do NOT put them in plural form

4.      Be careful of irregular plural  nouns

2.      Uncountable Nouns

Uncountablenouns are nouns that have only one form and take a singular verb.

STRATEGIES

1.      Do NOT us uncountable nouns after the words/ phrases below
a/an, another, one, a sigle, each, every, these, thpse, a few (of), many (of), every one of, each one of, each (of), one of, both, dozens of, hundreds of, thousands of, a number of, the number of, a couple of, saveral (of the).

2.      Use uncountable nouns with the words below
much, little, a little, an amount of, all, some, a lot of, lots of, plenty of

3.      Do NOT put uncountable nouns into plural form

Verb forms may be classified as follows:

Base form: strat, think, draw, write, run, let.

Infinitive: to strat, to think, to draw, to write, to draw, to write, to run, to let.

Gerund: strating, thinking, drawing, writing, running, letting

Past participle: started, thougt, drawn, written, run, let

Simple past form: started, thought, drew, wrote, ran, let

Example:

The policie artist will draw the criminal’s face.

He set aside his salary to start his own business.

Strategies:

1.      Use the base form after modals such as will, can, or may.

2.      Use the infinitive form to show purpose.

3.      Use the infinitive form after adjectives.

4.      Use the gerund form after prepositions

5.      Use the past participle after the forms of be ( be, being, am, is, are, was, were, been) to express passive meaning, and after the forms of have (have, has, had) to express active meaning.

6.      The simple past form is used with particular time makers.

Relative pronouns and adverb

Generally (but not always) pronouns stand for (pro + noun) or refer to a noun, an individual or individuals or thing or things (the pronoun's antecedent) whose identity is made clear earlier in the text. For instance, we are bewildered by writers who claim something like

• They say that eating beef is bad for you.

They is a pronoun referring to someone, but who are they? Cows? whom do they represent? Sloppy use of pronouns is unfair.

Not all pronouns will refer to an antecedent, however.

• Everyone here earns over a thousand dollars a day.

The word "everyone" has no antecedent.

The problem of agreement between a pronoun and its antecedent and between a pronoun and its verb is treated in another section on Pronoun-Antecedent Consistency. The quizzes on pronoun usage are also listed at the end of that section.

Relative pronouns are all used in adjective/ relative clauses.

·         Who or that is used as a subject referring to a person.

·         Whom is used as an object referring to a person.

·         Which or that is used as a subject or an object referring to a thing.

·         Whose is used to replace a possesive adjective.

 

Relative pronouns and adverb

Generally (but not always) pronouns stand for (pro + noun) or refer to a noun, an individual or individuals or thing or things (the pronoun's antecedent) whose identity is made clear earlier in the text. For instance, we are bewildered by writers who claim something like

• They say that eating beef is bad for you.

They is a pronoun referring to someone, but who are they? Cows? whom do they represent? Sloppy use of pronouns is unfair.

Not all pronouns will refer to an antecedent, however.

• Everyone here earns over a thousand dollars a day.

The word "everyone" has no antecedent.

The problem of agreement between a pronoun and its antecedent and between a pronoun and its verb is treated in another section on Pronoun-Antecedent Consistency. The quizzes on pronoun usage are also listed at the end of that section.

Relative pronouns are all used in adjective/ relative clauses.

·         Who or that is used as a subject referring to a person.

·         Whom is used as an object referring to a person.

·         Which or that is used as a subject or an object referring to a thing.

·         Whose is used to replace a possesive adjective.

 

Verb forms may be classified as follows:

Base form: strat, think, draw, write, run, let.

Infinitive: to strat, to think, to draw, to write, to draw, to write, to run, to let.

Gerund: strating, thinking, drawing, writing, running, letting

Past participle: started, thougt, drawn, written, run, let

Simple past form: started, thought, drew, wrote, ran, let

Example:

The policie artist will draw the criminal’s face.

He set aside his salary to start his own business.

Strategies:

1.      Use the base form after modals such as will, can, or may.

2.      Use the infinitive form to show purpose.

3.      Use the infinitive form after adjectives.

4.      Use the gerund form after prepositions

5.      Use the past participle after the forms of be ( be, being, am, is, are, was, were, been) to express passive meaning, and after the forms of have (have, has, had) to express active meaning.

6.      The simple past form is used with particular time makers.